WORD DERIVATION

International vocabulary

The Slavs do not live on an island, and over the centuries their languages have borrowed many non-Slavic words as well. Part of those words were taken from their direct neighbours (German, Romance, Turkish). Vocabulary of this type has rarely found its way to the entire language family. For example, German loans are much more frequent in West Slavic than in Russian or Bulgarian, while words of Turkish descent can be found in South Slavic more abundantly than in the other Slavic languages. As a result, most of this vocabulary is not commonly understood and therefore not used in Interslavic.

Another category is international vocabulary, mostly from Latin and Greek, but later also from French and more recently English. Words of this type tend to be similar throughout Europe and other parts of the world. They constitute an integral part of every Slavic language and can be of great help in achieving mutual intelligibility, especially among the more educated. International words are practically identical in every language, and there are hardly any variations in meaning. When we borrow international vocabulary, we stay as close as possible to spelling of the original word, adapting it only as far as orthography requires. However, especially for Graeco-Latin vocabulary goes the following:

• Geminated consonants are avoided: gramofon, grupa.
• The Greek consonants th and ph are simplified to t and f: teatr, fenomen.
• Greek y is written i, which is closer to both spelling and pronunciation in most Slavic languages: sistem, fizika.
• The diphthongs au and eu are usually written av and ev: avtomat, Evropa.
• The [k] sound is always written k and never c: kontakt.
• The [x] sound (often represented by ch) is written h: psiholog.
• The [y] sound (in German written ü, in French u) becomes ju: bjuro.
• Between vowels, the [z] sound (written -s-) becomes z: baza.
• Between vowels, the [s] sound (written -ss-) becomes s: masa.
• After a consonant, the [s] sound generally remains s: versija, sensor.

Besides, endings are adapted in a predictable way to what is most common in the Slavic languages:

• Verbs of Latin descent (often -ate, -fy, -ise/-ize in English, -ieren in German) have -ovati: organizovati, komunikovati.
• Latin -ia (rendered in English as -ia or -y) becomes -ija: ekonomija.
• English -sis (from Greek) becomes -za: kriza.
• Names of chemical elements etc. on -ium become -ij: helij, kriterij.
• Words on -um and -us generally keep these endings: forum, korpus.
• English -ty (Latin -tas, -tatis) becomes -tet: universitet.
• English -ics becomes -ika: ekonomika.
• English -ism becomes -izm: komunizm.
• English -ist becomes -ist: komunist.
• English -ssion becomes -sija: diskusija.
• English -nsion, -rsion etc. become -nsija, -rsija etc.: pensija, versija.
• English -sion becomes -zija: televizija.
• English -tion becomes -cija: akcija.
• Adjectives derived from these nouns have the ending -ijny: televizijny, tradicijny.
• English adjectives in -al (Latin -alis) end in -alny: neutralny.
• English adjectives in -ic, -ical (Latin -icus) have the ending -ičny: specifičny, komičny.
• English adjectives in -ive (Latin -ivus) have the ending -ivny: pozitivny.
• English adjectives in -ous (Latin -osus) have the ending -ozny: seriozny.

Note: exceptions to these rules are made when the Slavic languages agree about an alternative solution, f.ex. cenzura, pauza (instead of *censura or *pavza).

More problematic are words borrowed from English. When writing in the Latin alphabet, we can keep the original spelling (bypass, knockout, jazz, teenager). However, many texts in Interslavic are written in Cyrillic or in both orthographies parallelly, often with the help of a transliteration program, and one should of course avoid writing быпасс or кноцкоут in Cyrillic! In most cases, we would therefore rather apply a more phonetical approach: bajpas, nokaut, džaz, tinejdžer, budžet, biznes, mjuzikl, futbol, koktejl, etc.