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Sexánqgikhákhà Sàn|ú||káukhàn!u!|K'eninqgukháu! !Xet'ù||kàun|e!xa? N|gáiqukhán|ú||káukhàhá ngen|è=xái||kàu||káikháihhá=xaun|a||káuhù. Ngexásèn|ehuikhi||k'én|aikhàu ngáixánuqèn|en|aikhàu ngíniqúihhù ngíq'in|guhhúi n!gíhuixikhà. Ngenqganqgihhúkhun|ú. Ngen|u=xe||ká!k'ahai. N|gáikxúingín|i ngen|u=xaikxàuhai. !Xesèn|e||kún|e!xan|u? !Xesèn|e||kún|e!xan|u? K'endit'ùikhukhi. =Káiq'è!xái||k'ékhuhaitutìun|en|akhau ||xekuqéndáu||kíkhi||ké. Click here to see the text in conscript. Caution, angry Baby!Good griefs! What has happened? Yesterday, a young girl came to our pretty house to look after our baby-boy. She did all she could to entertain him: she played with him, sang to him, and much more. But despite of this, the baby attacked her, teared apart his food, and threw the remains out of the window. What will I do? What will I do? I absolutely don't know. So now I have hidden the event so that the police hopefully cannot ask difficult questions. Literal translationParts not mentioned in the Q'en|gai text, thus those that are added in the English text, are in parentheses (typically pronouns). The parts that are usually not translated because they are redundant in English or grammatically required in Q'en|gai, but not in English, are in brackets (typically evidence affixes). 1: Sexánqgikhákhà sàn|ú||káukhàn!u! Be careful with respect to [an] angry child! 2: |K'eninqgukháu! [There is] (instinctive) unexpected scaredness! (=~ Good griefs!) 3: !Xet'ù||kàun|e!xa? What happened? 4: N|gáiqukhán|ú||káukhàhá ngen|è=xái||kàu||káikháihhá=xaun|a||káuhù. (Presumably) in order that [she] looks after [our] baby boy, yesterday, (I saw myself) [a] girl came to [our] pretty house. 5: Ngexásèn|ehuikhi||k'én|aikhàu ngáixánuqèn|en|aikhàu ngíniqúihhù ngíq'in|guhhúi n!gíhuixikhà. (I saw that) she did all that [is] possible to entertain him, namely (I saw) [she] played with him, (I saw) [she] sang for him, [and] much more. 6: Ngenqganqgihhúkhun|ú. (I saw that) despite of this, the child attacked [her]. 7: Ngen|u=xe||ká!k'ahai. (I saw that) [he] teared apart [his] food. 8: N|gáikxúingín|i ngen|u=xaikxàuhai. (I saw that) [he] threw [the] remains out of [the] window. 9: !Xesèn|e||kún|e!xan|u. What will I do? 10: K'endit'ùikhukhi. (My internal state is that) [I] absolutely do not know. 11: =Káiq'è!xái||k'ékhuhaitutìun|en|akhau ||xekuqéndáu||kíkhi||ké. In order for [the] police not to be able to ask difficult things (so I wish), (it is a sequence that) now [I] have hidden [the] event. Note that the romanisation has changed a bit: double consonants (graphemes for ejectives) are now consonant plus apostrophe, because I think it's clearer. IntroductionBecause the Q'en|gài grammar is so different from English, the text is presumably quite hard to translate without good hints. Therefore, I will give you some grammar, lexicon, the interlinears, and hints for translation. One important feature of Q'en|gài is is lack of a destinction between content word classes. Further, there is no strict difference between clauses and words, so English prepositions are expressed in the same way as English conjunctions, namely by case. (There is no difference in 'Peter goes [to the party].' and 'Peter goes [where people meet]'. Both [] would simply be put into the same 'case', indicating direction: in the first example, the noun phrase 'the party' would carry the case, in the second, the whole phrase 'people meet' would. Also, coordinations like 'and' are usually not explicitly expressed, but rather implied by juxtaposing words in the same case. GrammarThere three principles are helpful to decompose a Q'en|gài sentence:
All Q'en|gài words carry a case infix. As mentioned, case is the equivalent of prepositions, postpositions, and conjunctions of other languages. Prepositions and postpositions are appropriate translations when a word is translated as a noun, and conjunctions are appropriate when the translation is a verb or clause. Apart from case, the second mandatory category is mood/evidence. Every word with a non-zero valence, i.e., with conceptual arguments, needs to carry a mood or an evidence marker. InterlinearEach word is broken up in three different ways. The first line gives the morpheme in Q'en|gài, the second gives the kind of morpheme, the third a hint of the meaning or function. The following morpheme kinds will occur:
Brackets below the words will show what is derivation. Sometimes, special translations are given under these brackets, because some derivation is lexicalised. Sentence 1 (headline): sexánqgikhákhà s e xá nqg i khá khà mood case stem class val stem degree imperative PRD adjdisloc dissonance A.,P. pay-attention very \_____________/ PRD= predicative case: marks predicates (and in other texts than this one: free agents and patients, but that's irrelevant here). sàn|ú||kaúkhàn!u s à n|ú ||kaú khà n!u class case stem stem degree stem animate TOP child young very angry \___________/ \_________________/ TOP= topicative case: to be translated roughly as 'concerning _' or 'with respect to _' NOTE: This probably translates as an idiomatic construction in English. Sentence 2 |kkeninqgukhaú |kk e n i nqgu khaú evidence case class val stem degree instinct PRD sentient A.,P. scare unexpected \_____/ This is an exclamation, an interjection, that is, again, highly idiomatic on most languages. Try to be innovative! :-) Sentence 3 !xettù||kaùn|e!xa !x e tt ù ||kaù n|e !xa mood case class val stem stem stem interrogative PRD spacetime P* past p3no which? \____/ {pat} Vocab in more detail: ||kaù - to happen in the past n|e - 3rd person reference (~pronoun) to something not mentioned before in the text. May also refer to entities or to full clauses, not only to entities. !xa - derivational ending asking for the thing it is suffixed to. Sentence 4 n|gaíqukhán|ú||kaúkhàhá n|g aí q u khá n|ú ||kaú khà há evidence case class val stem stem stem degree stem hearsay ALL harmony P*,A. look-after child young very male \__________________/ {pat} ALL-allative case: used to indicate three things: - spatial: translations: 'to', 'to where ...' - temporal: translations: 'up to' - notional: translations: 'to', 'in order to ...' ngen|è=xaí||kaù||kaíkhaíhhá=xaun|a||kaúhù ng e n| è =xaí ||kaù ||kaí khaí ... evidence case class val stem stem stem degree ... perception PRD movement P*,A* arrive past day one ... \__________________/ Vocab detail: ||kaù - past tense (from: 'to happend in the past'): when modified by a period: that amount of time in the past. The period may in turn be modified to indicate the length of the period. hhá =xau n|a ||kaú hù stem stem stem stem stem house pretty person young female \_____/ \____________/ {pat} {agt} NOTE: Pay attention to the evidence: when perception evidence is used, 1st person speaker is indicated, so it is very likely that things mentioned in the text will need a 1st person possessive pronoun in the translation. Sentence 5 ngexásèn|ehuikhi||kkén|aikhaù ng e xá s è n|e hui khi ||kké n|ai khaù evidence case stem class val stem stem degree stem stem degree perception PRD adjdisloc animate P*,A* do some-amount 100% able p3 expected \______________/ \____/ \_________________/ {agt} {pat} Vocab detail: ||kké - derivational meaning: (the) _ that can be done n|aikhaù - 3rd person reference: the 'expected' degree shows that an argument referred to is the same argument position as in this clause (here: agent). (Without this degree, it could have any function where it occurs.) ngaíxánuqèn|en|aikhaù ng aí xá n u qè n|e n|ai khaù evidence case stem class val stem stem stem degree perception ALL adjdisloc sentient P*,A. enjoyable do p3 expected \_________/ \____/ 'entertain' {pat} ngíniquíhhù ng í n i quí hhù evidence case class val stem stem perception ESS sentient A.,P. play COM-3p \____/ ESS- essive case: translatable as 'as, like' as in 'I work _as_ a programmer'. Here, it is used on a whole clause, so a conjunction is need in the translation. This adjunct gives an example for the general action mentioned before above. COM- comitative case: translatable as 'together with _' Vocab detail: hhù - derivational ending indicating an incorporated adjunct (a special case): a 3rd person reference in comitative case. ngíqqin|guhhuí ng í qq i n|gu hhuí evidence case class val stem stem perception ESS communication A.,P. sing BEN-3p \____/ BEN- benefactive case: translatable as 'for', 'to the advantage of _' n!gíhuixikhà n!g í hui xi khà class case stem stem degree value ESS some-amount more very \________________/ Sentence 6 ngenqganqgihhúkhun|ú ng e nqg a nqgi hhú khu n|ú evidence case class val stem stem degree stem perception PRD dissonance A*,P. attack CAU-3p not child \______/ \_____________/ CAU- causative case: translatable as 'due to _', 'because (of) _' with a suffixed negation marking, the reasoning is negated, so this is contrary to what is expected. ('anti-causative case') Sentence 7 ngen|u=xe||ká!kkahai ng e n| u =xe ||ká !kka hai evidence case class val stem stem stem stem perception PRD movement P*,A. pull destroy eat thing \____/ \____/ Vocab detail: -||ká - derivation: to destroy by _ -hai - derivation: the patient of _ Sentence 8 n|gaíkxuíngín|i n|g aí kxuí ngí n|i class case stem stem stem distribution ALL hole watch out \_____/ 'window' \_________/ Vocab detail: -n|i - derivation: (the) outside of _ ngen|u=xaikxaùhai ng e n| u =xai kxaù hai evidence case class val stem stem stem perception PRD movement P*,A. throw remain thing \______/ Sentence 9 (repeated once): !xesèn|e||kún|e!xan|u !x e s è n|e ||kú n|e !xa n|u mood case class val stem stem stem stem stem interrogative PRD animate P*,A* do future p3no which? p1 \____/ \____/ Vocab detail: -||kú - derivation: future tense n|u - 1st person reference Sentence 10 kkendittuìkhukhi kk e nd i ttuì khu khi evidence case class val stem degree degree intuition PRD intelligence A.,P. know not 100% \______/ \__________/ Note: Mind the evidence. Sentence 11 =kaíqqè!xaí||kkékhuhaitutiùn|en|akhau =k aí qq è !xaí ||kké khu hai tu ... mood case class val stem stem degree stem stem ... optative ALL communication P*,A* ask able not thing difficult ... tiù n|e n|a khau stem stem stem degree be-in-order do person unspecified Vocab detail: -tiùn|en|akhau - this is probably a lexicon entry -n|e - derivation: make _ (to be true/to happen) -n|a - derivation: the agent of _ -khau - derivation: 'unspecified' degree may be used to mark collective number ||xekuqéndaú||kíkhi||ké ||x e k u qé ndaú ||kí khi ||ké evidence case class val stem stem stem degree stem conclusion PRD information P*,A. hide be-completed present 100% event Vocab detail: -ndaú - derivation: perfective aspect -||kí - derivation: present tense -khi - derivation: when used on a tense, this indicates absolute time (usually, time is relative to context in Q'en|gài) Text in conscript(Click here to see the same text in the same script in two different fonts) |
© Jan van Steenbergen, Henrik Theiling, 20 Sept. 2004