Relay 10/R

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Hear it spoken!

Etymological lexicon

Warning: Unless stated differently, all the nouns and adjectives in this lexicon are masculine and singular. Non obvious feminines are shown. Adverbs formed from adjectives (those ending in –ment) are not included.

a /a/ prep. from Lat. ad. Use ad /ad/ before vowels or “h”.
ajutre /a"jutre/ v. from Lat. adiutare. ajuté /aju"te/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
anoustja /a"nowstja/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. angustia.
atacre /a"takre/ v. from It. attacare.
auc. /aw"ku/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. aliquis unus.
bainvenat /bajnve"nat/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. bene venire.
bell /beL/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. bellus.
casa /"kasa/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. casa.
cert /kert/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. certus.
chantre /"tSantre/ v. from Lat. cantare, influenced by Fr. cognate chanter.
cjude /"kjude/ masc. sing. n. from old Eng. cild.
cõ /ko/ prep. from Lat. cum.
cosa /"kosa/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. causa.
depüi /de"pu:i/ adv. from Lat. de post.
deure /"dewre/ v. from Lat. debere. deurèms /dew"rems/ 1st pers. pl. “futur” tense.
Dïo /"di:o/ masc. sing. n. from Lat. deus.
dorm.re /"dorm@re/ v. from Lat. dormire.
dorma /"dorma/ 2nd pers. sing. “imperatïu” tense.
durant /du"rant/ prep. from Lat. durare.
es.re /"es@re/ v. from Lat. esse > *essere.
esabems /e"sabems/ 1st pers. pl. “umperfet” tense. eh /E/ 3rd pers. sing. “present” tense. esarïen /esa"ri:en/ 3rd pers. pl. “condicjònal” tense.
façre /"fasre/ v. from Lat. facere. façé /fa"se/ 3rd pers. sing “undefinat” tense. façrèms /fas"rems/ 1st pers. pl. “futur” tense.
fer.re /"fer@re/ v. from Lat. ferire.
grã /gra/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. grandis.
haure /"awre/ v. from Lat. habere. hast /aSt/ 3rd pers. sing. “present” tense.
heu /ew/ interj. It is untranslatable. It is used at the beginning of a story to receive the attention of everybody.
ill /iL/ masc. sing. prn. from Lat. ille. Used as a subject pronoun.
itemaix /ite"maS/ adv. from Lat. item magis.
ïu /"i:u/ masc. sing. prn. from Lat. illum. Used as an indirect object pronoun.
jer /jer/ adv. from Lat. heri.
jocre /"jokre/ v. from Lat. iocare.
llançre /"Lansre/ v. from Lat. lanceare.
mal /mal/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. malus.
mangg.re /"mandZ@re/ v. from Lat. manducare. manggé /man"dZe/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
meh /mE/ conj. from Lat. magis.
meu /mew/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. meus.
ne /ne/ prep. from Lat. in.
nõ /no/ adv. from Lat. non.
nou /now/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. nostrum > *nosso > *noo. Fem. sing. is na /na /.
ou /ow/ masc. sing. art. and masc. sing. prn. from Lat. illud > *ilu > *eu. Fem. sing. is a from Lat. illa > *ila > *ea. Cf. Port., Gal. and Arag. o, a.
per /per/ prep. from Lat. per.
piceu /pi"kew/ masc. sing. adj. probably from It. piccolo.
poliza /po"liza/ fem. sing. n. from Gr. πολιτει'α, through Lat. politia.
potre /"potre/ v. from Lat. *potere, formed analogically from potes, 2nd pers. sing. present tense of possum. poté /po"te/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense. potabems /po"tabems/ 1st pers. pl. “umperfet” tense.
pur /pur/ prep. from Lat. pro, influenced by Lat. per.
qwe /kwe/ pron. from Lat. quis, quae, quod.
qwestjõ /kwes"tjo/ fem. sing. n. from Lat. quaestio.
rimanant /rima"nant/ masc. sing. n. from Lat. remanens.
secur /se"kur/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. securus.
silenç /si"lens/ masc. sing. n. from Lat. silentium.
sou /sow/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. suus. Fem. sing. is sa /sa /.
sucedre /su"kedre/ v. from Lat. succedere.
sucedé /suke"de/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
tot /tot/ masc. sing. det. from Lat. totus. . /u/ masc. sing. art. from Lat. unus. Fem. sing. is una /"una /.
vadre /"vadre/ v. from Lat. vadere.
varjes /"varjes/ masc. pl. det. from Lat. varius.
ven.re /"ven@re/ v. from Lat. venire. Vené /ve"ne/ 3rd pers. sing. “undefinat” tense.
ver /ver/ masc. sing. adj. from Lat. verus.
voll.re /"voL@re/ v. from Lat. velle > *vollare. volle /"voLe/ 1st pers. sing. “present” tense.
wardre /"wardre/ v. from Germanic *wardôn > *warda. Cf. Sp. cognate guardar.

Abbreviations

adj. = adjective
* = hypothetical etymological word
adv. = adverb
Arag. = Aragonese
art. = article
cf. = confer (compare, see also)
cj. = conjunction
det. = determiner (determinative adjective)
fem. = feminine
Eng. = English
Fr. = French
Gal. = Galician
Gr. = Greek
interj. = interjection
It. = Italian
Lat. = Latin
masc. = masculine
n. = noun
pers. = person
pl. = plural
prep. = preposition
prn. = pronoun
Port. = Portuguese
sing. = singular
Sp. = Spanish
v. = verb

Atencjõ, cjude mal!

Pronunciation

IPA convention

SAMPA convention

/ ateN"kjo "kjude mal
pur a"mor de "di:o kwe "kosa aSt suke"dat
ew jer "kerta "beLa per"sona ve"ne a na "kasa per "tSantre ad ou pi"kew fa"se tot kwe
po"te per "jokre kon ou "kjude "iLa jo"ke "varjes joks con iL "iLa tSan"te "i:u "dorma
mow pi"keu "dorma et aju"te mE de"pu:i ow "kjude ata"kea e fe"rea iL man"dZea e
poSt Lan"se ows rima"nants pur a fe"neStra kwe po"tabems "fasre si ,,vera"ment nos
e"sabems "nuna "grana a"nowstja kwe "kosa fas"rems ew du"rant aw"ku temp nos
dew"rems "wardre si"lens su"per kwe suke"de ite"maS jo no "voLe "vadre ad a po"liza
sE se"kur kwe sas kwes"tjonas non esa"ri:en bainve"natas /

Grammatical notes

Angelian (“Aingeljã” /ajNge"lja/ in the language) is a neo-Romance language belonging to the Western branch, East-Iberian subdivision. It is therefore very next to other romance languages such as Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan, although it has important similarities with Galician-Portuguese, Occitan, French and Italian. There are some traces of Germanic influences, especially from English and German. Its phonology is quite near to that of the Catalan dialect spoken in Valencia, Spain (the socalled Valencian). If you can speak or read a text in Spanish, Catalan, Occitan or Italian, I don’t think you will have any problems with Angelian.

About the tildes

In Angelian there are some graphic symbols which are written over the vowels in order to give them a special meaning. They are the nasal tilde (~), the accute accent (´), the grave accent (`), the diaeresis (··) and the breve symbol (ă):

These tildes have different meanings that you needn’t know. Bear in mind that they only help to pronounce correctly every word in Angelian, as they show the stressed syllable. Pay special attention for the nasal tilde (~), as it appears when an etymological ending -n has been removed in Angelian.

Please visit http://es.geocities.com/aingelja/introduction/tildes.htm to see if you can read these Unicode characters. If you have any problem, please let me know as soon as possible and I’ll send you a GIF/JPEG file with the text.

Nouns

Nouns can be masculine or feminine, singular or plural.

• As a general rule, in singular all the feminine nouns end in -a and the masculine, in any other letter. There are of course several exceptions that you won’t find in the text.
• As a general rule, to form the plural, you have to add an -s. When a noun ends in -ix, -ll, -nn, -s, -z, -ç, you add -es.

Adjectives

Adjectives can be masculine or feminine, singular or plural. They can appear before or after the noun they accompany, but always after other possible determiners, like articles, possessives or demonstratives, among others. Adjectives always agree in gender and in number with the noun they accompany.

Adjectives

Determinate

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	ou oul'	ous
Feminine	a al'	as

These articles are used mainly to constrain the extension of the noun they accompany to entities already known by the interlocutors.

• Ou and a are used before singular nouns beginning with a consonant, other than h (it is a mute letter). They are also used with nouns beginning with the semiconsonants j or w.
• Oul' and al' are used before singular nouns beginning with a vowel or an h. In this case, there is a bonding or ligature, this is, the last letter of a word (in this case, the article) is bonded when pronouncing to the first letter of the following word. This is represented with the apostrophe ('). These words are also written without intermediate blank spaces. You won’t find them in the text.
• There is no distinction about the first letter of the following word for the plural (ous, as).

Indeterminate

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	ũ ũn'	ũns
Feminine	una un'	unas

These articles are used with the noun they accompany, to show that it represents an unknown entity for the interlocutors, which is mentioned for the first time in the conversation, or which is going to be described in a vague and indefinite way.

• Ũ and una are used before singular nouns beginning with a consonant, other than h (it is a mute letter). They are also used before nouns beginning with the semiconsonants j or w.
• Ũn' and un' are used with singular nouns beginning with a vowel or with h. In this case, there is a bonding or ligature. This is represented with the apostrophe ('). These words are also written without intermediate blank spaces. You won’t find them in the text.
• There is no distinction about the first letter of the following word for the plural (ũns, unas).

Possessive adjectives

The possessive indicate who the owner of something is. The possessed thing is specified by the noun they accompany. They agree in gender and number with this noun, but as well, they agree in person and number with the owner/s. These determiners have the same form as the corresponding pronouns in Angelian, so in order to distinguish them, you have to look for the accompanied noun.

		Masculine		Feminine
		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Singular	1st p.	mou / moul'	mous	ma / mal'	mas
	2nd p.	tou / toul'	tous	ta / tal'	tas
	3rd p.	sou / soul'	sous	sa/ sal'	sas
Plural	1st p.	nou / noul'	nous	na / nal'	nas
	2nd p.	vou / voul'	vous	va / val'	vas
	3rd p.	sou / soul'	sous	sa / sal'	sas

(p. = Person)

The forms ending in –l’ are used in the same cases as the articles oul’ or al’ (see above).

Prepositions + article unions

Some prepositions followed by determinate articles are contracted into one single word. One of them is ne. In case the following word starts in vowel or h (including the indeterminate articles), it suffers a bonding and becomes n'. Bear in mind that the preposition a is never contracted with an article, and it becomes ad when followed by a word starting in vowel or h.

Preposition + Article		With contraction
ne +	+ ou	= nou
	+ ous	= nous
	+ a	= na
	+ as	= nas
Preposition + Article		With bonding
ne +	+ ũ	= n'ũ
	+ ũn'	= n'ũn'
	+ ũns	= n'ũns
	+ una	= n'una
	+ un'	= n'un'
	+ unas	= n'unas
Preposition + Article		Without contraction nor bonding
a +	+ ou	= ad ou
	+ ous	= ad ous
	+ a	= ad a
	+ as	= ad as
a +	+ ũ	= ad ũ
	+ ũn'	= ad ũn'
	+ ũns	= ad ũns
	+ una	= ad una
	+ un'	= ad un'
	+ unas	= ad unas

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns indicate the grammatical persons. There are two types:

• Tonic, with full meaning and stress.
• Atonic, without full meaning, nor stress, so they cannot be used alone in a sentence.

Some atonic pronouns are used with the so-called pronominal verbs. These pronouns just give a special meaning to the verb (which usually presents both versions, a pronominal one and a non-pronominal one), usually a reflexive or reciprocal meaning. You won’t see any of them in the text.

		Tonic	Atonic
			Non pronominal	Pronominal
Singular	1st P.	jo	mi	mi
	2nd P.	tu	ti	ti
	3rd P.	ill illa se	ou / oul' / ïu / si a / al' / ïa / si	si
Plural	1st P.	nos	nus	nus
	2nd P.	vos	vus	vus
	3rd P.	illes illas	ous / ïus / si as / ïas / si	si

(P. = Person)

Some notes:

• Direct object pronouns in third person are: ou, oul’, a, al’, ous, as.
• Indirect object pronouns in third person are: ïu, ïa, ïus, ïas.
• Impersonal sentences do not have a real subject. In practice, the pronoun se is used, which compensates the lack of a subject. The corresponding verb is always conjugated in the third person of singular. Examples: se plugge (it is raining), se njeixe (it is snowing), s'eh fret (it is cold), s'eh caude (it is warm).

Verbs

Verbs in Angelian are much easier than in other languages:

• All the verbs are regular.
• There is only one conjugation (all the verbs converged into the Latin 1st conjugation in –are > -re).
• There is no subjunctive.

The only irregular verbs are auxiliary: esăre, which is used in the passive voice, and haure, which is used in the compound tenses. They are irregular only in “present” tense, but regular in the other tenses.

All the infinitives end in –re, the present participles (or gerunds) in –ant (some in –ent) and the past participles in –at.

Every tense is formed out of the verbal lexeme plus some special endings for each person. It is not mandatory (but recommendable) that the subject of the sentence always appears, as it can be identified by the verbal ending.

“Present” of haure verb	“Present” of esăre verb
J’heh T’has Ill/Illa hast Nos hauèms Vos hauèts Illes/Illas hauen	Jo swi T’es Ill/Illa eh Nos soimes Vos ets Illes/Illas sen

There is only indicative mode, with two kind of tenses:

• Simple, formed out of the lexeme of the verb plus personal endings. There are six tenses: present, umperfet (imperfect past), undefinat (undefined past), futur (future), condicjònal (conditional) and imperatïu (imperative).
• Compound, formed with haure + past participle (-at). There are five tenses: perfet (perfect), pluixqweperfet (pluperfect), undefinat perfet (undefined past perfect), futur perfet (future perfect) and condicjònal perfet (conditional perfect).

There are three kind of verbs according to their lexeme (you only need to know two of them):

• Strong verbs, whose lexeme can be obtained from the infinitive by removing the –re ending. The infinitive of these verbs is a paroxitone word, this is, the stressed syllable is the last but one. Example: chantre / "tSantre / chant–. They don’t have any ending for the 1st person singular in “present” tense (jo chant).
• Weak verbs, for which there is an intermediate –ă– (pronounced / @ / ) between the lexeme and the ending –re. The infinitive of these verbs is a proparoxitone word, this is, the stressed syllable is the last but two. Example: esăre / "es@re / es–, venăre / "ven@re / ven–. They have an –e for the 1st person singular in “present” tense (jo vene).

“Present” of chantre (strong verb)	“Present” of venăre (weak verb)
Jo chant Tu chantes Ill/Illa chante Nos chantèms Vos chantèts Illes/Illas chanten	Jo vene Tu venes Ill/Illa vene Nos venèms Vos venèts Illes/Illas venen

Word bonding or ligature

When a word ends in a nasal vowel (which has a tilde ~) and the following one begins with a vowel or an h, a bonding or ligature of words is produced. Generally, you just have to add an n after the nasal vowel. The last syllable keeps being the stressed one. For example, qwĩ (who) appears before consonant and qwĩn before vowel or h. Thus: Qwĩn eh aceu mouser? (Who is that guy?), but Qwĩ parle tant aut? (Who is talking so loudly?). Any word ending in a nasal vowel behaves this way, independently of its grammatical classification (noun, adjective, adverb, etc.).

Smooth translation of the text received